The, The Stranger, By M S. R. M. S Essay - 1875 Words

M’s friends had modeled and spoken of their faith through word as well as through deed. Their actions had been consistent and genuine. Christ was honored and unconditional love flowed abundantly. M’s decision to choose a life as a Christ- follower was made as a result of acceptance, support and a loving community. She now has a vital place of belonging in order to be able to grow and flourish. I agree strongly with a quote from Marilyn Lacey, â€Å"In the scriptures the stranger is not simply someone who needs our hospitality, the stranger is one who actually brings us blessings. If we have eyes to see, the roles of giver and receiver reverse and the stranger reveals the divine presence to us.† I feel incredibly fortunate, and count myself as the receiver of many blessings within my community. I sometimes picture prayer flags blowing grace into the wind facing my direction. I truly believe that the support I have been given has enabled me to continue to pass on compassion and kindness to others. It has confirmed and affirmed my chosen expression of faith. I am a Christian embracing more liberal and all-encompassing views than some. Safety and non-judgment for me, allow the freedom to discern, grow and include. During the study process for this paper, I remember telling one of my Christian friends over the phone that I wouldn’t be able to speak too long, as my weekend had been busy visiting both the Sikh Temple and a LGBTQI church in Northcote, Melbourne. My belovedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ainsworth ´s Strange Situation773 Words   |  4 Pagesused a sample of 100 middle class families who had infants 12 to 18 months. The infants were exposed to three minute scenarios: parent and infant alone, stranger joins parent and infant, parent leaves infant and stranger alone, parent returns and stranger leaves, parent leaves infant alone, stranger returns, parent returns and stranger leaves. Ainsworth used behavior patterns of the infants during the three minute scenarios in the strange situation as a way to assess her attachment theoryRead MoreLanguage Related Task Assignment 1 Celta1496 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions you might ask to check understanding (think about this in relation to your answer for b), your analysis of the function/meaning). The plane leaves at 10.00 tomorrow. If I had a lot of money, I’d buy a boat. You should go to the doctor. She’s a stranger / She’s a foreigner. I’ve just had lunch. I’m going to visit my aunt tomorrow. Example: I’m seeing the doctor tomorrow at 2.00. present continuous auxiliary to be in the present tense + main verb with ing Talking about a future arrangement. StudentsRead MoreSocial Behavior And Social Change1559 Words   |  7 Pagescrowd surrounding the emergency. The resulting study revealed that pro-social behaviour became less likely as group size increased and this was termed as the â€Å"Bystander Effect†. Other factors such as the role of social influence, dictates an individual s fear of acting in a way that could be considered out of the norm. The motivation for personal glory can also contribute to the decisions made by a witness to an emergency. This essay will focus on the factors which determine whether or not a person willRead MoreResearch Project : Using Relatedness Analyses1642 Words   |  7 Pagesused to test for association with case-control status (Stranger, Stahl, Raj, 2011). A Quantile-Quantile plot of the GWAS data is presented in Figure 1, showing substantial departure from the null hypothesis of no association. Figure 2 presents a Manhattan plot of the statistical strength of association (-Log10P) acros s the autosomes, showing that several but not all previously known RA risk loci show strong association in the study (Stranger, Stahl, Raj, 2011). Figure 2. Manhattan plot forRead MoreLabeling Theory1717 Words   |  7 Pagesare often created by our juvenile justice system and by our society and their labeling of juveniles who have been convicted of committing a deviant act. These youngsters are often labeled as juvenile delinquents . The Labeling, not the juvenile s characteristics, can create a habitual offender. Labeling Theory Frank Tannenbaum, also known as the Grandfather of the Labeling Theory, in 1938, wrote against popular beliefs that juvenile delinquents were different in many ways than non-delinquentsRead MoreBussines Decision Methods Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesthe knowledge I could possibly have. For Business Decision Methods, I met a lot of acquaintances and stranger, I should say. Before I came into the class, 1was not so clear of what to expect about it. But not so long, the professor started orienting u.sxzii%e_topiaat will be lectured the whole semester. I realized that BDM, is not really Greek to me. In fact, I met old acquaintances such as Mr. M e Mrs. Me*, Ms. Minzmax, and the rest of the Decision Analysis brood whom I first met backRead MoreThe True Behavior Of Violent Video Game Players1305 Words   |  6 Pages(Everyone), [T] (Teen (13+)), and [M] (Mature (17+)). In recent years, many developers have joined the bandwagon of making more [M] rated games, which worries some consumers if they fall into the wrong audience, can affect the player’s behavior, especially in youth. From the article in Journal of Youth and Adolescence, it writes â€Å"...violent video games emphasize [and support] negative story lines and destructive actions† (Fraser, A. M., Padilla-Walker, L., Coyne, S. M., Nelson, L. J., Stockdale, LRead MoreA Study On Infant Mother Attachment1493 Words   |  6 Pagesattachment change after the first year of life and the differences of infants and adults attachment styles. Strange Situation is a laboratory procedure experiment where a dyad of a mother and her one year old child was placed in a room at a time with a stranger. Infants were encouraged to explore the room that was filled with toys. The three stages involved in the Strange Situation were exploratory, separation and reunion episodes. It was found that infants’ exploratory behaviour were at the highest withRead MoreBasic Motives Behind Academic And Industrial Science1371 Words   |  6 Pages Basic Motives Behind Academic and Industrial Science and the Differences in Their Practice Zahra Hussaini Griffith University Academic and industrial science are organisations in which research and development (RD) is carried out, albeit with different motives and practices. The purpose of this paper is to compare the key drives, or basic motives, behind the types of science and explain how they relate to the differences in their practice. Academic science, in simple terms,Read MoreEthical Theories Of An Individual984 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciple an individual. What one person views as good someone else may view as bad based on their ethics. Ethical theories allow individuals to support their reasoning for a decision they have concluded based on logical reasoning. According to M. J. Quinn (2013) when someone can explain the logic to their conclusion they have a better chance of persuading the audience in their direction on the issue. Technology is changing the way the world does a number of things from communicating with others

Climate Change Corporate Social Responsibility - 2592 Words

1. Introduction: In recent year, fighting climate change is a one of pivotal issues which require an interference from variety aspect in society, not merely a responsibility of government but also mandate of businesses. To defend a substanable growth of the business, taking care of stakeholder’s right should be paid attention, especially energy companies which directly integrate with government, community and environmental issue. A corporation is likely to obtain several perquisites throughout treats in a socially responsible manner, among them: the elevation of financial achievement and the mitigation of operating costs; the enrichment of the organization image and reputation; the upgrade of customer loyalty and sale (cited in†¦show more content†¦They can perceive incentives policy from conventional when they practice the responsibility for the development of society throughout such as creating new job, ensuring working safety, transforming from old technology to clean one, diminis hing carbon emission and finding a solution for environmental life. As this report is targeted at identify the notion of BP on Corporate responsibility and evaluate the damge from oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico to their image, these interpretations are most relevant. b. Business ethics: Not surprisingly, ethical factors in business is more paid attention in recent years. Two issue include collecting profit and spending on external elements to guarantee human life is a conflict because it will alleviate business’s profit for shareholder. It relevants to decision-making of manager when they have to consider between their profitability and cost of outside issue. Expending opportunity cost on social factors will diminish business’s profitability. Nevertheless, according to Ferrell and Fraedrich (quoted in Bering and Adriaenssens, 2011), the moral rule and criterions that drive behaviour in the world of business can be identified as business ethics. From those cognitions, business ethics is majority base on voluntary spririt of business and philanthropic factors of leader in anShow MoreRelatedThe Critical Implications Of Climate Change For Business1034 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the critical implications of climate change for busine ss? A business plays a heavy and critical role in the contribution to global climate change. Suzanne Goldberg (2013) reports that only 90 companies worldwide caused two-thirds of the man-made global warming emissions. Oil, coal and gas companies are the major players in the global climate change crisis of the 21st century (Goldberg 2013). Companies such as Chevron, Exxon and BP are three of the highest contributors of greenhouse gasRead MoreThe Corporate Greening And Corporate Sustainability1571 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay attempts to understand the role of leadership in the corporate greening and corporate sustainability. Essay also elaborates the how the leader can help the environment from the current corporate issues like climate change, global warming etc. Also the leaders play an important role in the corporate governance. Although we need to understand what is corporate greening and corporate sustainability. The issue of the greening and the sustainability is the significant and mostRead MoreEvaluation: Ethical Perspectives on Social Responsibility Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pageson Social Responsibility This paper evaluates Cohen’s article on social responsibility and considers how his perspective and ideas align in comparison with other management experts including Drucker and Friedman. Some key components that are included in the evaluation are: †¢ A definition of the concept of social responsibility. †¢ What Cohen identifies as the social responsibility of a business to the workers, stakeholders, and society as a whole. †¢ How Cohen’s perspective of the social responsibilityRead MoreSocial obligation of business1734 Words   |  7 Pagesmore to social responses. Each judgment has its own reasons which this research sought to analyze. Based on that, certain social obligations of business will be addressed with evidences, showing their necessary of being more responsible to social outcomes. Key words: corporate social obligation, shareholders, corporate profit, social responsibility Introduction There has been a long debate on the role of business in society. Some people agreed with argument of: â€Å"The social obligationRead MoreEnvironmental Impacts Of Environmental Disasters1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolutions. Climate change, as an international environmental issue, is getting a great deal of attention as it has become a global issue. In the last few decades, there has been a heightened awareness of environmental issues by governments, policy makers, advocacy groups, business firms, and the public all over the world. The corporate role in this, the potentially most severe and all-encompassing of environmental disasters, is quite clear as business activities are effecting climate change negativelyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Ethics Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a major issue in the recent past to the extent in which there are watchdog organizations that monitor actions of corporations and file a report indicating companies that aren’t socially responsible. Such organizations are known as sustainability auditing firms (Gallagher, 2012). This has made most of the companies that are growing to issue corporate social responsibility reports alongside their annual business reports. Citigroup is a financial service companyRead MoreEssay on Corporate Social Responsibility CSR1353 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate social responsibility ‘Corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) means that the firm has wider responsibilities in relation to objectives and people apart from the owners or shareholders (Beal and Goyen 2005). These responsibilities are achieved when the firm adapts all of its practices to ensure that it operates in ways that meet, or exceed, the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations that society has of business. Objectives often associated with CSR include a responsibility toRead MoreCorporate Environmental Responsibility: Sinopec’s impact on the sustainable and environment-friendly development1534 Words   |  7 PagesSinopec Essay Title: Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Sinopec’s impact on the sustainable and environment-friendly development (Word count: 1559 ) Corporate Environment Responsibility: Sinopec’s impact on the sustainable and environment-friendly development Nowadays, it is commonly recognized that human has destroyed natural environment with the human society and urbanization’s development. As the environment much more concerned by society and climate change influencing people’s dailyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1375 Words   |  6 Pageswas to have a setting of Italian elegance, a personal treat and a social gathering spot.(Keller Kotler,2012). Starbuck has worked tremendously hard to store an image that it has become the most frequently visited retailer in United States with an average of 18 times a month (Kotler Keller,2012). Starbucks is known as a responsible company since it started its operation in 1971. It has been a leader in its social responsibility at giving back to its communities , the environment and in its ethicalRead MoreEssay on Citigroup Corporate Social Responsibility Evalutation1331 Words   |  6 PagesCitigroup Corporate Social Responsibility Evaluation Corporate social responsibility has become a hot term in the past few years as corporations have become larger and even more powerful. Watch-dog organizations have been formed to monitor the actions of corporations and report â€Å"rogue† companies who do not mean their standards for being socially responsible. Recently, many companies have started to issue corporate social responsibility reports along with their annual reports. Citigroup, a financial

Anne Hutchinson Essay Example For Students

Anne Hutchinson Essay Anne Hutchinson She was born as Anne Marbury in 1591 in Alford, England. Her father, Francis Marbury, was an official in a church in Cambridge. He was not content with the Church. He declared publicly that many of the church ministers were not fit to guide peoples souls, and for that he was jailed for a year. Even so, he continued verbally attacking the Church, claiming that high church officials freely appointed whoever they wanted, and those people were not usually qualified for their positions. Tired of constant arrests and inquisitions, he finally chose conformity and calmed down. Anne spent a lot of time reading her fathers books on theology and religion. She admired his defiance of traditional church principles. She was also fascinated with theological questions like those about the fate of the Native Americans, who did not know about salvation. When she was twenty-one, she married a man named Will Hutchinson and became known as Anne Hutchinson. She also became a mother to fifteen children. There was a minister, John Cotton, who she always admired. He was originally a Protestant, but as time passed he leaned more and more towards Puritan beliefs. Like her father, he spoke about the corruption in the clergy and called for purification of the Church. He recognized the destructive influence of the Catholic Church on the Church of England, and talked about opportunities for religious freedom in America. Anne Hutchinsons family went to Reverend Cottons church every Sunday to hear his preachings. Eventually, John Cottons dream came true, and he was able to cross the Atlantic Ocean and come to New England. In 1634, Anne Hutchinson took her family and followed him to Massachusetts. She wanted to express her increasingly Puritanic views, and she wished to be once again part of John Cottons congregation. During her voyage to America, she assembled groups of women to discuss religion. She spoke of her views, and became known as a radical. She even claimed that God had revealed to her knowledge of the day of their arrival. Out of sheer coincidence, or for some other unknown reason, she guessed it correctly as September 18, 1634. To her great surprise, New England turned out to be more religiously constrictive than England ever was for her. She was not welcomed warmly by John Cotton because of her unorthodox views. He told her that it would be best for her if she would withhold from speaking about her views. As a prerequisite for her acceptance into the Puritan Church, she had to accept that she was guilty of wrong thinking on the ship and God had not really revealed to her the day of their arrival and that it was a mere guess. She compromised, but in her mind she still held on to her views. She believed that faith alone could bring salvation. She also believed that all people could talk to and receive an answer from God if they would listen. She once said that she felt that nothing important could happen if it was not revealed to her by God beforehand. Seeing the apprehension of the Church and the community at her views, she only expressed them in the privacy of her own home where she sometimes assembled women to share her ideas with. She was never in open defiance of the Church. Although she disagreed with some of its principles, she was still its devoted member. John Cotton also understood the harsh regime of the Puritan Church and its intoleration of nonconformity. He once said that in New England, members of the Church suffered for having a mind of their own. There was another prominent religious figure in New England. .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 , .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .postImageUrl , .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 , .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:hover , .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:visited , .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:active { border:0!important; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:active , .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842 .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0391eb6a4a3a009273d1de57e7184842:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conflict of identity in the poem EssayHis name was John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. His dream was to found a city where the Puritan religion would be followed with utmost devotion. He sincerely believed in the inferiority of women to men. He also believed that a woman who devoted herself to reading and writing had lost her understanding and reason. He wrote that women should leave the intellectual work to men, whose minds are stronger. He urged them to honor and keep the place that God had set for them, which was to look out for the household. John Winthrop did not look favorably at Anne Hutchinson and her conferences with other women. He supported a resolution passed by the assembly in 1637, which forbade female assemblies of more than 60 people. Anne Hutchinson was arrested for violating that law and brought to trial. The trial was not fair or just, and no legal safeguards were observed. John Winthrop earnestly called for her banishment, calling her a heretic and an American Jezebel. He was comparing her to a character from the Old Testament, a woman who killed Gods prophets and was finally eaten by dogs for her wickedness. Anne defended herself by quoting from the Holy Scriptures, but in vain. She was excommunicated from the Church and cast out of Massachusetts. She and her family traveled south, and eventually settled in a place called Hell Gate, in Rhode Island. It was not long before her settlement was attacked by Native Americans. They burned her house and massacred all of her family, except her youngest daughter. In this tragic way, Anne Hutchinson, a religious Puritan from New England had died for her religious beliefs. After being informed of Annes fate, John Winthrop felt no remorse. He later wrote in his diary Gods hand is apparently seen herein, to pick out this woeful woman, to make her an unheard-of heavy example. Appropriate that the massacre took place at this Hell Gate.

Lucky place free essay sample

It was February 8, 2013. I remember this day because there was a blizzard. It was cold and foggy. Despite this, I decided to visit my hometown, Ridgewood. The streets were empty, gray concrete and it was about 4pm. It had not yet began to snow , but the roads were oddly empty and I was the only one walking to the train station. Then I was the only one waiting for the train. The train took about 15 minutes to arrive and I was losing patience, but it got here. The MTA is always messing up everyones schedule.I wasnt the only one on the train. To my left, there was a homeless guy with his trash, trying to stay warm with the comfort of the train. To my right, there was a couple who wouldnt stop making out. There were two other people, but I didnt pay much attention to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucky place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I paid more attention to the homeless guy and the couple. The homeless guy made me sad, knowing that he probably didnt have anyone. The couple made me think what would happen if they broke up? Who would take it harder? The guy or the girl?And to be honest, I didnt want to think about it. The train crossed the Manhattan Bridge as it always does. Its the kind of bridge where the sun is shining directly at it and on the window of train you can see the dust floating around in the air. But this time, it was different and it was snowing. I couldnt see the city, all I saw were the snowflakes hitting the window and their speed. 11 more stops to go. They went by quickly and I was there in less than 20 minutes. I got out the station and everything was the same as I remembered. This sameness made me feel the warmth I feel once I step into my grandmothers house, or that of any elderly person. The kind where it is freezing outside and I decide to go to my grandmothers and she always has the hot chocolate ready.The places that I would always go were still there. The same Duane Reade with the McDonalds across from it. The decorations attached from the light post on one side of the sidewalk to the one across from it. It read Merry Christmas like every other year and it would light up the avenue with joy. At least it did to me. The snow had just started to pile up, so I walked to the nearest coffee shop to grab a hot chocolate, like grandma would always have. I sat there for one and a half hours, looking at the blizzard pass by and finishing up the chapters on one of my favorite books, The Catcher in the Rye.The feeling of relief, from being able to go somewhere by myself in a night like this, made me think of a time back here in Ridgewood. It was snowing, much like this day and the whole family was outside trying to build a snowman. We didnt have enough gloves, so some of us, including me, wore socks on our hands instead. The whole family was outside and everyone was happy, throwing snowballs at each other. The hardworking people building the snowman would get mad if we ruined it even one bit. Even so we knocked out a piece of snow from its body and head, but they still were having fun when they had to rebuild it. On that day, a snowman was built and everyone gathered around it to take a picture with it.Just when I was about to leave the coffee shop, I took a quick glimpse at the streets covered in a white sheet of snow. No one was outside, no people, cars, just me. I took a picture of it with a film camera I had bought before hand. The last shot on it. But the picture is long gone now. At the time, I thought it would make a nice picture. But now I realize that its worth something more to me. For once, I took a risk of going out independently. Of course, I go out by myself, but never like this. Never to just sit down and read in my hometown. Its a nice feeling and Id like to do this again. Its so strange how after a long period of time, the only thing that changes is the person in you, but your favorite thing always remains the same.

US Government 1789

Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power The WritePass Journal

Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power Introduction Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power , p.33). Moreover, this was a time of great social and political transformation in the West, whereupon the overall character of European polities had been drastically altered by waves of democratic fervour and revolutionary violence. The Revolutions of 1848, for instance, represented the single most concentrated outcrop of political upheaval in the history of European politics. â€Å"The 1848 revolutions†, says Micheline R. Ishay, â€Å"were a watershed. In the most industrialized countries, they broke the liberal-radical republican alliance against legitimist regimes and catalysed the formation of the most radical human rights perspectives of the century† (2008, p.121). In a very significant sense, said revolutions were a movement against the established power structures of the era. This was a time of great liberal reform and technological change; the social and political apparatuses by which international relations were hitherto understood were being fundamentally tra nsformed – as were theoretical conceptions of power. Although the 1848 Revolutions were mostly checked and curbed within a year of their outbreak, the underlying sentiment and intellectual kindling had not been extinguished. Instead, it fomented in various forms: one of which would lead eventually to the rise of Communism in the early twentieth century. With such conspicuous changes in the makeup of political relations during the nineteenth century, there came concurrent shifts in critical perspectives on how and why such changes occurred. Marx had upheld a perspective that prioritised historical materialism and the fundamental primacy of class struggle as defining political relations. Power, for Marx, concerned the power of those capitalist elites who owned the means of production to exploit the workers whose labour literally made production happen. Marx’s political philosophy was extremely widespread, known even to those who abjured it. For Marx, power also has much to do with class divisions: particularly between those who ow n the means of production, the bourgeoisie, and the workers, or proletariat, who exchange their labour value for wages. Power is thus manifested in the oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie – for whom the social and political structures are geared to preserve the status quo, keeping the workers in a state of social, economic, and political subordination. Marx’s understanding of power, then, is concerned with large scale social and historical forces, particularly as they relate to material and industrial relations in determining power and overall socio-political mechanics. Weber, on the other hand, developed an approach that varied from the Marxian mould, stepping away from the perceived predominance of grand overarching forces in determining social and political relations. As a result, Weber also moved away from Marx’s theory of the strict bourgeoisie/proletariat duality as being the dominant paradigm in political economy. The latter class division was, for Marx, the principle animus for change in capitalist societies. As a consequence, Marx’s conception of power cannot be separated from his overall understanding of the relationship between capitalists and workers. For Weber, socio-economic divisions, and their relations to power, are far more complex than those posited by Marx. Weber understood class distinctions as deriving from more than just an inequality in property relations; instead, Weber posited that it was the unequal distribution of power that resulted in social dividing lines. Power for Weber was, again, more intricate and mu ltifaceted than the kind Marx had proposed. Weber states that power is â€Å"the chance of a man or of a number of men to realize their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action† (1968, p.926). Already we can see that Weber’s rendition of power is more abstract and open to interpretation that that of Marx. Further, Weber’s conception of power is similar to modern critical formulations of same; where â€Å"power†, at its most fundamental, â€Å"entails the capacity of one actor to make another actor do something which they would not otherwise do† (Haugaard, 2004, p.304). Most importantly, Weber’s definition is very broad; it allows for application in a number of contexts: social, economic, political, cultural, familial, sexual, interpersonal, and many others. Violence and Coercion: the Centrality of Force in Power Relations Weber’s conception of power is â€Å"inextricably connected to violence and coercion† (Kreisberg, 1992, p.39). Such violence is articulated though various social structures, from the microcosm of the family to the macrocosm of the state. Weber consequently sees â€Å"subjects as being on the receiving end of structures of power† (Whimster and Lash, 2006, p.22). The interactions between these discrete structures of power allow for varying degrees of control over the exercise of violence: where certain individuals or groups have access to or are denied the means to exert their will. For Weber, such means obtain to ideas of legitimacy. Hence, for Weber, the question of power relate to issues about: â€Å"who controls the means of violence; who enjoys a monopoly over economic resources; who controls the legitimate means of political power; and finally who has control over symbolic force† (Turner, 2002, p.215). Social action is thus enabled by control of distin ct fields of power. The more such fields of power can be channelled and consolidated, the more power that obtains. This can be seen very clearly, for example, in the state’s exclusive mandate on legal violence (via armed forces, police, prisons, and so forth). Hence Weber defines the state as â€Å"that agency within society which possesses the monopoly of legitimate violence† (cited in Wanek, 2013, p.12). Accordingly, in Weber’s view, the implicit threat of violence perpetually underwrites the state’s authority. Thus Weber’s position anticipates Mao Zedong’s famous declaration that â€Å"political power grows out of the barrel of a gun† (cited in Wardlaw, 1989, p.43). For Weber, then, coercive force is fundamental to power. Put simply, coercion equates to influence; and influence is power. National political power is therefore structured on implied coercive mechanisms. Hence Weber avers that â€Å"if no social institutions existed that knew the use of violence, then the ‘state’ would be eliminated† (cited in Wagner, 2002, p.120). So conceived, the state is in itself a form of coercive apparatus. Because the state monopolises legal violence, the state is the primary source of power as such. This means access to power is achieved via access to and control over the mechanisms of state. Power is thus manifested in the specific structures on which the social order is based. However, Weber does not believe that power is constituted in coercive force exclusively. Instead, a dynamic of obedience obtains between the ruling class and those ruled: in which the latter group willingly obey their political leaders. Here, Weber’s conce ption of power becomes more complex, delineating ideas of legitimate domination. As Weber perceives it, social conformity, or, as he puts it, â€Å"performance of the command†, may â€Å"have been motivated by the ruled’s own conviction of its propriety, or by his sense of duty, or by fear, or by ‘dull’ custom, or by a desire to obtain some benefit for himself† (1968, p.947). The dominated thus inadvertently cooperate in their domination. Hence we can see that Weber’s conceptualisation of power echoes a Hobbesian perspective, which stresses a central causality between a â€Å"sovereign† power and popular subjugation (Sreedhar, 2010, p.33). Furthermore, state power and interest are related to a conflictual paradigm where self-interest and the will to domination are taken as a given. Weber thus articulates a realist perspective. In addition, Weber’s notion of legitimate domination somewhat chimes with Gramscian hegemony, in that power is constituted and reconstituted in various complex sites, working overall to legitimise the status quo. As a result of this, Weber is distinct from Marx in two very important ways: firstly, he sees power as more abstract, subtle, and complex than Marx does; secondly, he sees power as deriving from many different types of social phenomena – not just class struggle. Following this logic, Weber also applies the same extended complexity to the concept of the origin s of power. Thus, for Weber, power comes from â€Å"three different sources†: â€Å"class (economic power), status (social power), and parties (political power)† (Levine, 2006, p.6). As we can see, then, Weber’s conception of power is based on coercion, force, domination, social structures, and a quasi-hegemonic socio-political structure that promotes and induces willing subjugation in the populace. Weber’s ideas are clearly more reflective of realist political theory than of Marxian idealism, which posits utopic notions of eventual global socialist harmony. This is not to say that Weber wholesale rejects the Marxian position, he does not; rather, he accommodates Marx’s economic arguments in his overall politico-economic model. Further, he expands upon and problematises them. As one would therefore expect, much like his conception of power, Weber’s conception of class is far more nuanced and open to interpretation than that of Marx. For Weber, class pertains to the numerous potential relations that may obtain in a given economic market. In particular, this relates to relationships that arise between an individual, or a group, as concerns a given market. This means that different kinds of economic distinctions will give rise to specific forms of class relation – not just a worker/capitalist polarity. Weber sees class as a social concept that encompasse s numerous iterations within an overall economic purview. Such iterations include professionals, landowners, bankers, financiers, and many others (Hamilton, 1991, p.182). In sum, then, Weber recognises numerous different kinds of class distinctions, each with their own complex sets of power relations. This heterogeneity, in turn, adds complexity to the overall function of power in its specific fields and sites of operation. For Weber, then, power relates to a multiform phenomenon. In treating of the economic dimensions of power, Weber observes that the â€Å"typical chance for a supply of goods, external living conditions, and personal life experiences† are fundamentally determined by â€Å"the amount and kind of power, or lack of such, to dispose of goods or skills† for the sake of â€Å"income in a given economic order† (1968, p.927). Hence Weber observes a clear causal continuum between economic and other kinds of power, where one can come to necessitate (or, at least, facilitate) the other. Where Weber significantly diverges from Marx is in his posited importance of the modes of power that function semi-independently of economic considerations. Specifically, Weber places much emphasis on social status. â€Å"For Weber, status groups are collectives of people with similar lifestyles, and they often overlap with economic class position† (Levine, 2006, p.6). In other words, the socially powerful tend to be located in economically powerful cohorts; at the same time, those without social power tend to be associated with non-economically powerful cohorts. This last assertion can seem very similar to the Marxian view, of the powerful bourgeoisie and non-powerful proletariat. However, the important distinction in Weber’s position is that affinities are drawn more primarily from social, not economic, similarities. Put simply, for Weber, two individuals or groups with similar social lives but different economic statuses could cohere nonetheless; their social alignment supersedes their economic misalignment. The economic distinction is not, for Weber, as integrally conflictual as it is for Marx. This is not to say the Weber does not see class as an important social factor; rather, it to say that, unlike Marx, Weber does not see class struggle as the defining characteristic of history and society. He does not therefore adopt Marx and Engel’s famous assertion that â€Å"all history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle† (2012, p.33). Hence, while Weber sees class as a significant variable in overall quality of life, in dictating one’s opportunities for advancement, for the acquisition of power, he does not identify a corollary primacy in class as catalysing social action and historical change. Friction between social forces – as embodied by class – is not the central source of social tension. This has to do with Weber’s complex and diverse view of class. Weber sees class as heterogeneous and thus not easily reducible to two opposing factions. Compared to Weber, Marx’s views of power and class are over ly reductive. Of the worker, Weber observes, his â€Å"interests† may â€Å"vary widely, according to whether he is constitutionally qualified for the task at hand to a high, to an average, or to a low degree†, meaning, in consequence, that â€Å"societal or even of communal action† from â€Å"a common class situation† is â€Å"by no means a universal phenomenon† (Weber, 1968, p. 929). In other words, the working class cannot simply be lumped together in a bloc group understood as sharing uniform priorities and ambitions. In many senses, that is, power moves beyond material and economic divisions; cannot be attributed to isolated causes and motivations. Conclusion In conclusion, Weber’s conception of power is much in keeping with that proffered by classical realists, where coercive force constitutes the primary hinge around which political power moves. By extension, other manifestations of power both derive legitimacy from, while at the same time reciprocally legitimating, the state: by functioning within its purview. Weber diverges from Marxian reductivism, rejecting the polarity of capitalist/worker class struggle and the primacy of historical materialism. Weber accordingly refutes Marx’s position that common class identity is sufficient to galvanise a homogenous intellectual action; he thus identifies many more lines of division between various social groups. For Weber, power is deeply related to social structures; indeed, power is seen to body forth though social structures, thereby keeping the popular masses in place. Interestingly, the power invested in said structures works, also, to instil a sense of obedience in the publ ic. The public therefore helps to perpetuate the status quo by conforming with, thus legitimating, the state’s exercise of coercive force. References Hamilton, P., 1991. Max Weber, Critical Assessments 2: Volume 2. London: Routledge. Haugaard, P., 2004. Power: A Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Ishay, M. R., 2008. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Levine, R. H., 2006. Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates. Oxford: Rowman Littlefield. Marx, K. Engels, F., 2012. The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition. London: Verso. Sreedhar, S., 2010. Hobbes on Resistance: Defying the Leviathan. New York: Cambridge University Press. Turner, B. S., 2002. Max Weber: From History to Modernity. New York: Routledge. Wagner, H., 2002. War and the State: The Theory of International Politics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wanek, A., 2013. The State and Its Enemies in Papua New Guinea. Richmond: Curzon Press. Wardlaw, G., 1989. Political Terrorism: Theory, Tactics and Counter-Measures. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Weber, M., 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, New York: Bedminster Press. Whimster, S. Lash, S., 2006. Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity. Oxon: Routledge.

Amazon.com in the stock market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon.com in the stock market - Research Paper Example Additionally, it generates more revenue through promotional and marketing services such as cobranded credit agreements and online advertising. Amazon.com, Inc. operates in two market segments, which include North America and International (Miller et al. 8). This company achieved the publication rights, from Avalon Books, to over 3,000 books titles particularly in Mystery, Romance, and western categories, in June 2012. Amazon.com serves its customers through its retail websites. Its websites are designed in a way that enable the company itself and third parties to sell their products across a wide range of product categories. In addition to selling a number of products, this company also manufactures and sells kindle devices (Miller et al. 8). This company focuses on everyday shipping and pricing offers through its membership, in Amazon Prime. Its products are distributed to customers through several channels, which include digital delivery, co-sourced and outsourced programs in some countries, and through the United States and International fulfillment warehouses and centers (Miller et al. 22). The company is supported by its customer care centers that are distributed throughout the globe, which are backed up by co-sourced programs. Amazon.com offers arrangements that enable its sellers to sell their own branded websites and products through its websites (Miller et al. 23). The company does not benefit directly from the sells made by its sellers, but it earns revenue through revenue share fees, fixed fees, and per-unity activity fee. Independent publishers and authors are served through the company’s Kindle Direct publishing. This is a platform that enables publishers and independent authors to choose a 70 percent royalty option to make academic materials available in the Kindle Store (Miller et al. 17). The company also has its own publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, which offers independent authors another channel to publish their books. CreateSpace is another channel through which filmmakers, musicians, and authors sell their products. It offers manufacturing and on-demand publishing for independent publishers, music labels, content creators, and film studio. The North America segment consists of revenue earned from retail sales of consumer subscriptions and products through North America-focused Websites like www.amazon.ca and www.amazon.com. The North America segment also includes export sales from www.amazon.ca and www.amazon.com (Miller et al. 47). The international segment, on the other hand, consists of revenue from retail sales of consumer subscriptions and products through internationally targeted locations (Miller et al. 47). It also includes export sales from these internationally targeted regions, including export sales from the United States’ and Canada’s customers through these sites, but it excludes export sales from its Canadian and United States regions (Miller et al. 48). There has been a general do wntrend movement of amazon.com Inc’s share prices since September 15, 2012. For example, the share prices were at $252.01 on October 1, 2012. The stock prices increased significantly in the next four days and reached a high of $260.47, on October 04, 2012 (Teweles & Bradley 123). The share prices then assumed a down trend, in the next 24 hours, and closed at a low of $258.51, on October 05, 2012. The share prices then assumed an upward trend and reached a hig